So long as near and far are black, inside is white, top Distance is set to be distance to only those objects that should be white, bottom Distance is set to be distance to only those objects that should be yellow, I'd expect it to work. You can just work on one layer at a time to make sure it is working as intended, before adding the next layer.
Do note that distance to involves calculations and raycasting, which means there is a fair amount of processing to be done there, compared to a decal - there's even a yellow wheelchair decal in Cosmos, for instance, so that is ready made for you :) For the solid lines, those can just be decals without any alpha bitmap so no set up needed there, which leaves only the diagonal stripes on the left to have a bitmap made for the alpha for that decal. Wouldn't be hard at all :)
