Noise limit is set to 5.
Adaptivity recalculation is set to every 5 passes.
Black bg:
Passes:
1,2,3,4,5 > noise level 11,2 - let's continue rendering
6,7,8,9,10 > noise level 5,2 - let's continue rendering
11,12,13,14,15 > noise level 3,8 - let's stop rendering, because it is less than 5
White bg:
Passes:
1,2,3,4,5 > noise 4,7 - let's stop rendering, because it is less than 5
This is because of difference in contrast of the two images. If you add CInfo_SamplingFocus render element, you will see that the image with black background is getting much more samples around the objects (since bright and dark areas meet there), and the white background version is getting less samples (the sampling focus element is less contrasty and more blurry).
I can understand that this may be problematic, but this is just the way Corona works. It could be probably improved, but for now I would suggest switching to pass limit.