Update - it works now for me. I had a "new.c4d" - but it wasn't the problem. It seems my preferences in general were causing it. For testing I deleted them completely so C4D would create clean ones, and now it works.
But do you have an idea what exactly might be causing this? I carry my prefs with me for a long time, since I customized a lot and it would be nice to be able to keep them.