Simply put, you will have to render twice, regardless if you render the entire scene, or just the adjusted elements as Tom has suggested. I do remember, way back, about opening a 3D render in Photoshop and being able to change the 3D materials. Can't find an example of that at the moment, but I'm sure it's limited. Unless some sort of vector/pixel information from Corona can help with that.
You should get familiar with the Take system and/or Layer Tags in C4D. You can create a Take with your original shot, the dupe that and name it something else. Make sure to enable Auto Take. Activate the second Take. As you make all your material and color changes, those differences are being recorded by the Auto Take. Yes, you will still need to render twice BUT, you can now toggle between those two states with one click. You can also tell C4D to render All Takes or just the Marked Takes in one go. One click overnight, and you should have both versions when you wake up.
Hope this helps.