Here are my findings. It is not related to a specific old or new material, it happens with newly created Physical and Legacy materials as well.
Object with Pattern modifier will not receive caustics (or receive correctly), if it has "Use pattern material" enabled, and has no or any other than Pattern node's material assigned.
If "Use pattern material" is disabled, caustics work as expected always.
The solution in your case will be to assign the same pattern node material, or any other you, directly to the base object, which has pattern modifier.
Hope this helps.
This is also reported. Thank you.
(Internal ID=1053318988)